Which scientist proposed that evolution occurs due to catastrophic events?

The correct answer is C, Baron Cuvier. He is known for his theory of catastrophism, which posits that the Earth's geology and its life forms have been shaped significantly by a series of catastrophic events, such as natural disasters like floods and volcanic eruptions. Cuvier argued that these events lead to the extinction of species and that new species might arise in the aftermath, contributing to the overall process of evolution.

In contrast, Charles Darwin focused primarily on natural selection as a mechanism for evolution, emphasizing gradual changes in species over time rather than abrupt changes resulting from catastrophic events. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is known for his theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, which suggests that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring—a concept that significantly differs from Cuvier’s ideas. Alfred Russel Wallace, a contemporary of Darwin, shared similar views on natural selection but did not advocate for a catastrophic view of evolution. Cuvier's catastrophic perspective highlights the role of sudden and significant changes in the environment in shaping the course of evolution, making it distinct from the other scientists' theories.